Title: Assessment of microbiota concomitant in oral cavity in order to increase awareness of the impact of infectious factors is needed to reduce the risk to human health
Abstract:
Introduction and objective: Human oral cavity with diverse conditions of specialized surfaces of hard and soft structures is dynamic environment, complex morphologically and functionally. Some components of the mouth microbiome that form a multilayer biofilm can be potential cause of the human health complications. The interrelations between particular species forming intraoral microbiome and the human organism are poorly known, still requiring quality research. Oral cavity status and composition of intraoral microbiome of individuals from several population groups was evaluated in terms for risk factors for local/ general infections.
Material and methods: The study pertained to data of 44 persons: twenty two 16-26 years old and twenty two 42-52 years-old. Oral health status and data from direct microscopical examinations, intraoral swabs were assessed microscopically as well as by in vitro culture techniques obtained in the bacteriological, parasitological and pharmaceutical laboratories.
Results: The clinical assessment of oral cavity condition showed some changes in periodontal and gingival tissues, a presence of inflammatory processes and the tooth decay. Different microorganisms occurred in oral cavity, including not resident species. Parasitic flagellates Trichomonas tenax, facultative parasitic strains of Acanthamoeba, yeast-like fungi of Candida albicans group, opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria including endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba spp. were identified with various frequency in particular regions of oral cavity. In both patients groups, opportunistic or pathogenic strains Gram-positive bacteria staphylococci: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus as well as the faecal bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium ere found. Among Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli occurred in oral cavities of both patients groups. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. were identified in older patients. Free-living Acanthamoeba spp. can enter human body, multiply therein and exist as parasites, causative agents of the vision-threatening corneal infection Acanthamoeba keratitis. The amfizoic strains with extremely resistant cysts are a challenge in terms of the diagnosis, treatment, transmision of pathogenic endosymbionts and limited prevention due to their common occurrence in different habitats.
Conclusion: This study has shown that various species of microbiota can coexist intraorally and may pose severe threat that should be taken into consideration as infectious factors. Examination of microbiome components as potentially contagious, identification/monitoring/assessment of concomitant species, preventive elimination of the infectious strains during the treatment should be taken into consideration. Further quality research of the intraoral microbiome species that may pose severe local/general diseases are needed to reduce the risk to human health.
